Ammonium nitrate (AN) is derived from the reaction between ammonia and nitric acid. It contains 33.5–34% nitrogen, of which half is in the nitrate form, which is easily assimilated by plants, and half is in the ammonia form. It is used principally as a nitrogen source in fertilizers and is the main component of most…
Ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂ SO₄] was one of the first and most widely used nitrogen (N) fertilizers for crop production. It’s now less common but especially valuable where both N and sulfur (S) are required. Its high solubility provides versatility for a number of agricultural applications. Production Ammonium sulfate (sometimes abbreviated as AS or AMS) has…
Polyethylene glycols are a family of linear polymers and are formed by an increased reaction of ethylene glycol with mono-ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol. The general formula for the polyethylene glycol H (OCH2CH2) nOH is n is the average number of ethylene oxide groups. Different grades of polyethylene glycol are characterized by their molecular mass. For…
Sulfuric acid, sulfuric also spelled sulphuric (H2SO4), also called oil of vitriol, or hydrogen sulfate, dense, colorless, oily, corrosive liquid; one of the most commercially important of all chemicals. Sulfuric acid is prepared industrially by the reaction of water with sulfur trioxide (see sulfur oxide), which in turn is made by a chemical combination of…
Ethanol or ethyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol with a chemical formula C2H5OH with a special smell and fire that exists in alcoholic beverages. This alcohol is a substance that is absorbing and is found in alcoholic beverages of varying proportions. In addition, they are widely used in various industries. These uses are in perfumes and…
Xylene is an organic chemical compound. It is also known as dimethylbenzene or Xylol. It is one of the three isomers of dimethyl benzene. It consists of a central benzene ring attached with two methyl groups as substituents. In the year 1850, Xylol was first isolated by a French chemist Auguste Cahours. Xylol is a colorless, clear,…
Benzene is the simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is one of the elementary petrochemicals and a natural constituent of crude oil. It has a gasoline-like odor and is a colorless liquid. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic in nature. It is primarily used in the production of polystyrene. Benzene is a naturally occurring substance produced by…
Toluene is named after an old name toluol. Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon and is found largely in coal tar. Toluene is a light and flammable liquid used as a solvent in various industries such as paints and resins. It is an organic material. Its chemical formula is C6H5CH3, and it can be produced from…
With about 95% of ethylene dichloride (EDC) being used in the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), nearly all of which goes into polyvinyl chloride (PVC), EDC supply/demand balances are influenced by the PVC market. In addition, many EDC plants are integrated with VCM production. There are two types of PVC – rigid resins and flexible resins. Rigid resins…
What is PVC (PolyVinyl Chloride)? Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl) is an economical and versatile thermoplastic polymer widely used in building and construction industry to produce door and window profiles, pipes (drinking and wastewater), wire and cable insulation, medical devices, etc. It is the world’s third largest thermoplastic material by volume after polyethylene and polypropylene. It is a…
Polystyrene (PS) is a clear, amorphous, nonpolar commodity thermoplastic that is easy to process and that can be easily converted into a large number of semi-finished products like foams, films, and sheets. It is one of the largest volume commodity plastic, comprising approximately seven percent of the total thermoplastic market1. PS is a very good…
What is Polypropylene and What It’s Used for? Polypropylene is a tough, rigid and crystalline thermoplastic produced from propene (or propylene) monomer. It is a linear hydrocarbon resin. The chemical formula of polypropylene is (C3H6)n. PP is among the cheapest plastics available today. Molecular Structure of Polypropylene PP belongs to polyolefin family of polymers and…
From plastic containers, bottles, bags to plastic toys; everywhere we look, we see most of the plastic items made of polyethylene! It is one of the most popular thermoplastic materials available today…. But, what is polyethylene? What it is made up of? How to process PE? For which requirements is it a material of choice?…
D6 Virgin Fuel Oil is also being known as Residual Fuel Oil and is of high–viscosity. This particular fuel oil requires preheating to 220–260ºF (= 104, 44–126, 66°C). D6 is mostly used for generators. Recent changes in fuel quality regulation now require further refining of the D6 in order to remove the sulfur, which leads…
The polyester family is used in the synthesis of fibers. Polythene terephthalate is a polyester material that with the 32 million tonnes of use currently, has the 18% of the total global consumption of basic polymers. The high strength of this polymer has resulted in a pressure of more than 100 psi and also a good resistance to carbon dioxide…
Base oils are used to manufacture products including motor oil, Industrial oil, Grease, and etc. General-purpose oils Mold oil Transmission fluids Gear oils Metalworking fluids Additives Hydraulic oils Transformer oils Base Oil SN 500 : SN 500 is a base oil at the upper end of the specifications for Grade I base oils which have undergone…
Petroleum solvents readily dissolve all petroleum fractions, vegetable oils and fats, and organic compounds of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. The solvent action increases with the solvent’s aromatic-hydrocarbon content. All petroleum solvents poorly dissolve water (hundredths of a percent). Aromatic solvents poorly dissolve solid paraffins, while liquid propane poorly dissolves asphaltic resinous substances. Petroleum solvents (benzene,…
The crude oil in the refinery is converted by distillation to its components, and crude oil is separated from each other due to the difference in boiling point in different parts of the tower. In the process of primary distillation (distillation at ambient pressure), some heavy materials remain at the bottom of the tower, which…
Paraffin wax, colorless or white, somewhat translucent, hard wax consisting of a mixture of solid straight-chain hydrocarbons ranging in melting point from about 48° to 66° C (120° to 150° F). Paraffin wax is obtained from petroleum by dewaxing light lubricating oil stocks. It is used in candles, wax paper, polishes, cosmetics, and electrical insulators.…
Motor oils are derived from petroleum-based and non-petroleum-synthesized chemical compounds. Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of typical motor oil consists of hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule. Motor oil is oil…